[128] They augmented their forces with arms captured from the Republicans,[129] and successfully integrated over half of Republican prisoners of war into the Nationalist army. On 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) were banned in 1939, while the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) went underground. Franco's parents married in 1890 in the Church of San Francisco in El Ferrol. [111], Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlist monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany. Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to France. On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States and the IMF managed to convince the regime to adopt a free market economy. English: Francisco Franco y Bahamonde (1892-1975), known as Generalsimo Francisco Franco (pron. [91] Mussolini sent 12 Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 transport/bombers, and a few fighter aircraft. [40] At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned, according to historian Carlton J. H. Hayes. His grades were average; though his good memory meant he seldom struggled academically, his small stature was a hindrance in physical tests. Getty Images/File Franco ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death. [123], The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:[124] the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions. Spain attempted to retain control of its colonies throughout Franco's rule. During World War II he maintained Spanish neutrality, but supported the Axiswhose members Italy and Germany had supported him during the Civil Wardamaging the country's international reputation in various ways. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. [75] Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by General Mola was taking shape. On . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On 1 April 1959, Franco had inaugurated its huge underground basilica as his monument and mausoleum, saying in his own words that it was built "in memory of my victory over communism, which was trying to dominate Spain." Franco allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the Soviet Union (the Blue Division), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. Biography: Francisco Franco, General and ruler of Spain for nearly forty years began his career as a young soldier, rising to 2nd in command of the Spanish Foreign Legion in 1920 and later its commander. [29] This and other occasions of royal attention would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. [176], Franco had a controversial association with Jews during the WWII period. Franco also used language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Civil marriages which had taken place in Republican Spain were declared null and void unless they had been confirmed by the Catholic Church. . The country got rid of populations it would not have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. Franco was born at the coastal city and naval centre of El Ferrol in Galicia (northwestern Spain). [89] In Germany Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence service, persuaded Hitler to support the Nationalists;[90] Hitler sent twenty Ju 52 transport aircraft and six Heinkel biplane fighters, on the condition that they were not to be used in hostilities unless the Republicans attacked first. Although both Germany and Italy provided military support to Franco, the degree of influence of both powers on his direction of the war seems to have been very limited. . [139] By 1939 the fascist style prevailed, with ritual rallying calls of "Franco, Franco, Franco. The leader of the Nationalist forces, General Franco, headed the authoritarian regime that came to power in the aftermath of the Civil War. Franco had received important support from Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War, and he had signed the Anti-Comintern Pact. The Valley of the Fallen in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain. [177] In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. [208] The first decade of Franco's rule following its end saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. An early indication that Franco was going to keep his distance from Germany soon proved true. Franco's demands, including large supplies of food and fuel, as well as Spanish control of Gibraltar and French North Africa, proved too much for Hitler. 198", "Political Change in Portugal and Spain, 1975-1976: The Southern Flank in Crisis", "El Congreso aprueba pedir al Gobierno la exhumacin de los restos de Franco del Valle de los Cados", "Spain to dig up Franco's body after government passes decree", "Spanish parliament votes to exhume remains of dictator Franco", "Franco's family demands dictator be buried with military honors", "Spanish government gives Franco family ultimatum in effort to exhume dictator's remains", "Mingorrubio, la antigua colonia franquista donde se enterrara a Franco: "No queremos ser el Valle de los Cados", "Spain's Supreme Court suspends the planned exhumation of Franco", "Spain to move Franco's remains after court gives go-ahead", "Franco's remains to finally leave Spain's Valley of the Fallen", "Confronting its troubled past, Spain exhumes Franco", "Factbox: Reactions to Spain's exhumation of former dictator Franco", "The Battle Over the Memory of the Spanish Civil War", "Spain handles with care memories of its civil war", "Viudos de Franco homenajearon a Pinochet en Espaa", Politics As Usual? He graduated in July 1910 as a second lieutenant, standing 251st out of 312 cadets in his class, though this might have had less to do with his grades than with his small size and young age. While expanding the Falange into a more pluralistic group, Franco made it clear that it was the government that used the party and not the other way around. [146], Julin Casanova Ruiz, who was nominated in 2008 to join the panel of experts in the first judicial investigation, conducted by judge Baltasar Garzn, of Francoist crimes,[147] as well as historians Josep Fontana and Hugh Thomas, estimate deaths in the White Terror to be around 150,000 in total. Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid. [88] The first days of the insurgency were marked by an imperative need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. Francisco Vidal Franco. [125] His foreign diplomacy secured military aid from Italy and Germany and, by some accounts, helped keep Britain and France out of the war.[115]. Only in 1975, with the Green March, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. Club career [ edit] Franco was one of the many uprooted young players from Toluca's secondary squad Atltico Mexiquense by then coach Amrico Gallego. His goals was to protect Spain from any influence in power of the church, landowners and army.. [92], On 26 July, just eight days after the revolt had started, foreign allies of the Republican government convened an international communist conference at Prague to arrange plans to help the Popular Front forces in Spain. [62] Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935, on, Chief of the General Staff. [149][note 1] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. [34], The municipal elections of 12 April 1931 were largely seen as a plebiscite on the monarchy. When he was 20, he made his Major League debut and somehow lived up to the . When conservative forces gained control of the republic in 1933, Franco was restored to active command; in 1934 he was promoted to major general. In addition he began walking under a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins and postage stamps. [85][86] Similarly, both Italian and German planes bombed the Basque town of Guernica at Franco's request. Franco's first problem was how to move his troops to the Iberian Peninsula, since most units of the Navy had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the Strait of Gibraltar. The family remained extremely rich after his death. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general, it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was later added in early August. Bullfighting and flamenco[212] were promoted as national traditions while those traditions not considered "Spanish" were suppressed. From the mid-1950s there was a slow but steady acceleration in economic activity, but the relative lack of growth (compared to the rest of Western Europe) eventually forced the Franco regime to allow the introduction of liberal economic policies in the late 1950s. He ruled Spain with absolute power, banning political opposition and enforcing a strict censorship. [citation needed] The enforcement by public authorities of traditional Catholic values was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaa. [4][148][5] According to Paul Preston, 150,000 wartime civilian executions took place in the Francoist area, as well as 50,000 in the Republican area, in addition to approximately 20,000 civilians executed by the Franco regime after the end of the war. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the devastated economy recovered very slowly. A rumoured state visit by Franco to Germany did not take place and a further rumour of a visit by Goering to Spain, after he had enjoyed a cruise in the Western Mediterranean, again did not materialise. [207], According to Preston's estimates, Franco's forces killed about 420,000 Spaniards in the theatre of war, through extrajudicial killings during the Civil War, and in state executions immediately following its end in 1939. [213] The remaining nomads of Spain (Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute) were especially affected. Conversely, critics on the left have denounced him as a tyrant responsible for thousands of deaths in years-long political repression, and have called him complicit in atrocities committed by Axis forces during World War II due to his support of the Axis governments. "[140], Franco's advisor on Falangist party matters, Ramn Serrano Ser, who was the brother-in-law of his wife Carmen Polo, and a group of Serrano Ser's followers dominated the FET JONS, and strove to increase the party's power. The rebels appointed him at the end of September 1936 Generalissimo of the Armies and Head of the Government of the Spanish State. The Francisco Franco National Foundation [1] [2] [3] (Spanish: Fundacin Nacional Francisco Franco; FNFF) [4] is a foundation and propaganda hub created in 1976 devoted to promoting the legacy of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. Although Germany had recognised the Franco Government, Franco's policy towards Germany was extremely cautious until spectacular German victories at the beginning of the Second World War. The first was scored by Santiago Bernabeu, whom. Here are the ten leading goalscorers in El Clsico history: El Clsico most hat-tricks Only 21 hat-tricks have been scored in El Clsico history. Rif War and advancement through the ranks, From the Spanish Civil War to World War II. - Madrid, 20. studenog 1975. Thousands of executions. He made anti-Semitic remarks in a speech in May 1939, and made similar remarks on at least six occasions during World War II. [169] However, an affected Mussolini did not appear to be interested in Franco's help due to the defeats his forces had suffered in North Africa and the Balkans, and he even told Franco that he wished he could find any way to leave the war. [74] The country rapidly descended into anarchy. [38], In December 1931, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. Francisco Franco: Franco himself was increasingly portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of Roman Catholicism, the declared state religion. At the end of 1935, President Alcal-Zamora manipulated a petty-corruption issue into a major scandal in parliament, and eliminated Alejandro Lerroux, the head of the Radical Republican Party, from the premiership. Concurrent with the absence of social reforms, and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to other European countries, and to a lesser extent, to South America. "Riots Sweep Spain on Left's Victory; Jails Are Stormed", "Spain OKs Reparations to Civil War Victims", Associated Press, 28 July 2006, Military career and honours of Francisco Franco, Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las JONS, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Economic history of Spain: Economy under Franco, Military career and honours of Francisco Franco Awards, Military career and honours of Francisco Franco Honorific eponyms, Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead, "Ley 14/1973, de 8 de junio, por la que se suspende la vinculacin de la Presidencia del Gobierno a la Jefatura del Estado", "Las races insulares de Franco (The island roots of Franco)", "El monumento a Franco en Las Races ser retirado (Monument to Franco's meeting to be removed)", "article in the Guardian about Cecil Bebb", "Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 193639: A Reexamination", Fosas Comunes Los desaparecidos de Franco. Spain Evicts Francisco Franco's Heirs From Late Dictator's Summer Palace Earlier this year a court ruled that Franco's 1941 purchase of the property, the Pazo de Meirs, was fraudulent. The first stage (1939-1950) was defined by the economic independence or autarky imposed by Franco's government. 2012 HarperPress. This historic alliance commenced with the visit of US President Dwight Eisenhower to Spain in 1953, which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350million to 600million euros. Historian Ricardo de la Cierva claimed, however, that he had been told around 6pm on 19 November that Franco had already died. [26] Franco also received the Cross of Maria Cristina, First Class.[27]. [127] The Nationalists used their ships aggressively to pursue the opposition, in contrast to the largely passive naval strategy of the Republicans. Franco personally and many in the government openly stated that they believed there was an international conspiracy of Freemasons and Communists against Spain, sometimes including Jews or "Judeo-Masonry" as part of this. [84], The war was marked by foreign intervention on behalf of both sides. The desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. [170] Hitler may not have really wanted Spain to join the war, as he needed neutral harbors to import materials from countries in Latin America and elsewhere. "[159] However, Franco was reluctant to enter the war due to Spain recovering from its recent civil war and instead pursued a policy of "non-belligerence". As a result of Azaa's military reform, in January 1933 Franco was relegated from first to 24th in the list of brigadiers. For unofficial use, citizens continued to speak these languages. Franco quickly gained a reputation as an effective officer. Germany sent insignificant numbers of combat personnel to Spain, but aided the Nationalists with technical instructors and modern matriel;[119] including some 200 tanks and 600 aircraft[120] which helped the Nationalist air force dominate the skies for most of the war. Adam Berry. Pre-Civil War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though agricultural output remained below prewar levels until 1958. Fernando lvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco, The History Learning Site - Biography of General Francisco Franco, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Francisco Franco, Francisco Franco - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Francisco Franco - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). On one side, Franco had to win the support of the native Moroccan population and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, he had to ensure his control over the army. For almost 40 years, Spaniards, and particularly children at school, were told that Divine Providence had sent Franco to save Spain from chaos, atheism, and poverty. [118] Valencia, Castellon and Alicante saw the last Republican troops defeated by Franco. On 23 February, Franco was sent to the Canary Islands to serve as the islands' military commander, an appointment perceived by him as a destierro (banishment). IPA : [fan'isko 'fako]), was the effective dictator and later formal head of state of parts of Spain from October 1936 and of all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed. At a time in which many Spanish officers were characterized by sloppiness and lack of professionalism, young Franco quickly showed his ability to command troops effectively and soon won a reputation for complete professional dedication. Accounting for unofficial and random killings, and those who died during the war from execution, suicide, starvation and disease in prison, the total number is probably closer to 200,000.[210]. [229], Following Franco's funeral, his widow Carmen Polo supervised the moving of crates of jewely, antiques, artworks, and Franco's papers to the family's various estates in Spain or to safe havens in foreign countries. He felt Spain would be a burden as it would be dependent on Germany for help. Nombre de nacimiento: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde. Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada (Armed Police). In October 1944, Francisco Franco, right-wing dictator of Spain and sometime associate of the Axis, took one step towards ensuring the survival of his regime in the post-war world without Hitler and Mussolini. He devoted great care to the preparation of his units actions and paid more attention than was common to the troops well-being. What was the Franco regime? [38] In his speech Franco stressed the Republic's need for discipline and respect. Several exiled Republicans also fought in the French resistance against the German occupation in Vichy France during World War II. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty."[74]. [187] With the pivot of Spain's foreign policy towards the United States during the Cold War, the situation changed with the 1967 Law on Religious Freedom, which granted full public religious rights to non-Catholics. Francisco Franco, Spain's fascist dictator, who died in 1975, being exhumed from his purpose-built mausoleum, the Valley of the Fallen. La guerra de frica marc su. The government gave Franco's family a 15-day deadline to decide Franco's final resting place, or else a "dignified place" would be chosen by the government. It began on the evening of 4 October, with the miners occupying several towns, attacking and seizing local Civil and Assault Guard barracks. [citation needed] Volunteer Spanish troops (the Divisin Azul, or "Blue Division") fought on the Eastern Front under German command from 1941 to 1944. [19], Franco's father was a naval officer who reached the rank of vice admiral (intendente general). Advisers accompanied the armaments. This way the republican government of Manuel Azaa initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country. [46] In June 1933 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis (Our Dearly Beloved), "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", in which he criticised the anti-clericalism of the Republican government. [77], In June 1936, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held within La Esperanza forest on Tenerife to discuss starting a military coup. Despite the end of the war, Spanish guerrillas exiled in France, and known as the Maquis", continued to resist Franco in the Pyrenees, carrying out sabotage and robberies against the Francoist regime. In 1907, only 14 years old, he entered the Infantry Academy atToledo, graduating three years later. His reign was marked by both brutal repression, with tens of thousands killed, and economic prosperity, which greatly improved the quality of life in Spain. The Spanish dictator, Francisco Franco, rose to power in 1939 at the end of the Spanish Civil War. Franco also appeased the Carlists by exploiting the Republicans' anti-clericalism in his propaganda, in particular concerning the "Martyrs of the war". It was said that officers would receive either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash). On 18 July, Franco published a manifesto[82] and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command. Catholicism took over and became the religion par . Sepultura: Cementerio de Mingorrubio, Madrid, Espaa. The family expressed its wish that Franco's remains be reinterred with full military honors at the Almudena Cathedral in the centre of Madrid, the burial place he had requested before his death. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. The following year he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and returned to Spain to recover. In 2010, documents were discovered showing that on 13 May 1941, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. [209] According to Antony Beevor, recent research in more than half of Spain's provinces indicates at least 35,000 official executions in the country after the war, suggesting that the generally accepted figure of 35,000 official executions is low. They emphasize his strong anti-communist and nationalist views, economic policies, and opposition to socialism as major factors in Spain's post-war economic success and later international integration. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, flamenco, an Andalucian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through technocratic and economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the "Spanish miracle". Both proposals were denied, with the 23-year-old Franco's young age being given as the reason for denial. The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. MyEffectiveness Habits - Goals, ToDos, Reminders. The assassination of prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in the 20 December 1973 bombing by ETA eventually gave an edge to the liberalizing faction. Costa Pinto, Antnio; Kallis, Aristotle. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; when the Civil War began, the colonels, majors, and captains of the Spanish Army who had attended the academy when he was its director displayed unconditional loyalty to him as Caudillo. In 1913, Franco transferred into the newly formed regulares: Moroccan colonial troops with Spanish officers, who acted as elite shock troops. [37] The closing of the academy in June by the provisional War Minister Manuel Azaa however was a major setback for Franco and provoked his first clash with the Spanish Republic. Cerd, Nstor. When the Nationalist advance came to a halt on the outskirts of the city, the military leaders, in preparation of what they believed was the final assault that would deliver Madrid and the country into their hands, decided to choose a commander in chief, or generalissimo, who would also head the rebel Nationalist government in opposition to the republic. The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much real estate inherited from Franco, such as the Pazo de Meirs, the Canto del Pico in Torrelodones and the Casa Cornide[es] in A Corua and its provenance have also become matters of public discussion. Francisco Franco currently works at the Laboratrio de Colees Zoolgicas - LECZ, Instituto Butantan. He came to power during the Spanish Civil War while serving as the Generalsimo of the Nationalist faction. Franco's strong nationalistic and military upbringing was the basis for his fascist dictatorship. On 11 August Mrida was taken, and on 15 August Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. The insurgency in Asturias in October 1934 sparked a new era of violent anti-Christian persecutions with the massacre of 34 priests, initiating the practice of atrocities against the clergy,[55] and sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. His administration marginalised fascist ideologues in favour of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei, who promoted economic modernisation. There was a public viewing of Franco's body at the funeral chapel opened in the Royal Palace; a mass and a military parade were held on the day of his burial. Thus, his regime became an institutionalized authoritarian system, differing in this respect from the fascist party-states of the German and Italian models. [220] Franco was the only person interred in the Valley who did not die during the civil war. He became head of the rebel Nationalist government on October 1 but did not gain complete control of the country for more than three years. Francisco Franco, in full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, byname El Caudillo (The Leader), (born December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spaindied November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (193639); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975. The Spanish economy has three well-differentiated stages during Francisco Franco's dictatorship. This left the striking Asturian miners to fight alone.[51]. [162], Spanish neutrality during World War II was publicly acknowledged by leading Allied statesmen. [33] In 1928 Franco was appointed director of the newly created General Military Academy of Zaragoza, a new college for all Spanish army cadets, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. Larger cities and capitals were mostly under the jurisdiction of the Policia Armada, or the grises ("greys", due to the colour of their uniforms) as they were called. [224] Some of the few foreign dignitaries and government representatives who attended were: Nelson Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States,[225] Lord Shepherd, Leader of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom[226] (Harold Wilson caused controversy within the Labour Party by sending him to represent the UK Government),[227] Prince Rainier III of Monaco, King Hussein of Jordan, Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines and the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, dictator of the Philippines,[228] Hugo Banzer, military dictator of Bolivia,[222] and Augusto Pinochet, the dictator of Chile,[225] for whom the Spanish Caudillo was a role-model. The town of Trujillo was in the Extremadura region of Spain, the same place where famed explorer Hernando de Soto was from. At the same time, Franco appropriated many of the privileges of a king. Contrarily, according to Anti-Semitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (2005): Spain provided visas for thousands of French Jews to transit Spain en route to Portugal to escape the Nazis.
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