Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. . field of Asian Studies. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Answer. Verse 12. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Omissions? Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Hiranya died childless. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Has data issue: true Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Verse 11. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Verse 13. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? orders. He subdued several enemies. Died young. for this article. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Corrections? [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Verse 11. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. 0 0 Similar questions Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). They cannot be abusive or personal. translator of the Rajataragini. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Verse 15. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Updates? The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American After that, the English translation. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. Son of Sukhavarman. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. 1 Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Kalhana was a poet. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Subscribe here. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Son of Hiranyakula. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. . From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Son of Ajitapida. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. elsewhere. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below.
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