What does the Great White Pelican look like? The great white pelican ranges from the eastern Mediterranean to South Africa. used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. Pink-backed pelicans are found in subtropical and tropical Africa; from Mauritania east to Port Sudan, Sudan; and Port Said, Egypt, south to Cape Town, South Africa. Where does the Great White Pelican live? For farmed fish ponds, farmers have placed horizontal strings across the pond to help keep pelicans from overeating the fish. Pair bonding can last more than one breeding season. Pelicans at the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park get trout, smelt, mackerel, herring, sardines, or trout. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences, 12/2: 211-222. A range of threats are faced by this species. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. Pelicans are the largest airborne waterfowl on earth: With their mighty shape and huge beak, they are unmistakable. They commonly nest with mixed groups of pelicans and double-crested cormorants on islands in shallow wetlands. Finding them depends on where you are and what time of the year it is, so check a range map to find out whether you should be looking in inland sites in the north or coastal spots in the south of the continent. Some populations are migratory and will breed in Europe before returning to Africa to spend the winter. Males display their head crest and their brightly colored pouch. 2007. They then tip their head forward to drain out the water. In When fishermen snag a pelican, they often cut their lines rather than bringing the bird in and carefully removing the hook. And the birds use their bill to coat their feathers with a waterproof oil from a gland at the base of the tail. Text account. Clive, B., T. Wacher, T. Disley. These birds live in flocks of up to 40,000 birds across parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Small birds and invertebrates may also be consumed. During the breeding season, a male pelican communicates sexual signals visually by its changing feathers, which fade to pink. Variability of egg size and composition on the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus). [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022]. Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. They coordinate their swimming to drive schooling fish toward the shallows. 461-464 in The Encyclopedia of Birds, Vol. Lets dive in. living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar. Birds of East Asia. In the breeding season, these birds have a pinkish color, with usually yellow on the breast. Crivelli, A., Y. Leshem, T. Mitchev, H. Jerrentrup. These animals are wild, and require lots of space to fly, and plenty of fish to eat. Miller, R. 1973. The Great White pelican that lives in the shallow swamps in Africa is one of the largest flying birds in the world. All pelicans like to be around other pelicans, and they don't mind being around other birds, either, be they cormorants or flamingos. Birdwatch World has sprung from my bird obsession.Birdwatching and bird photography have bought so much peace and wonder into my life. Great white pelicans are perfect fishermen. These birds will use a range of stopover sites during these transits. The IUCN has estimated that the total breeding population of the brown pelican is estimated at 650,000 individuals, and the great white pelican stands at 180,000. Pink-backed and spot-billed pelicanquick grabbers. 1975. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'animals_net-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',117,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-animals_net-large-leaderboard-2-0');In zoos, pelicans are given plenty of enclosure space for flight, lots of perches at various heights, and plenty of water sources for wading, floating, and eating fish. By 3 weeks they can walk with their body off the ground and can swim as soon as they can get to water. To learn more about pelicans, read the Birdwatch World articles below: Barry is a bird photographer and bird watcher with over 7 years of experience. Pelicans that live on the Pacific coast often rely on anchovies and sardines to make up the bulk of their fish diet. Colonial Waterbirds, 19/1: 207-218. Just like the peregrine falcon, the pesticide DDT caused massive declines in pelican populations. Peirce, M., N. Din. The great white pelican will groom itself with its large beak after bathing, and will use its preening gland to make its feathers waterproof for the next time it is to go into the water. It takes a while for a young pelican to learn to use its enormous bill without getting it snagged on sharp rocks. These include the draining of their wetland habitat along with pollution of these areas. Pelicans will also eat other aquatic animals like squid and shrimp. Their northern populations are migratory. 1, Around 10-20% of the population uses this island as a breeding ground, Click here to support the IUCNs tireless work gathering the information we need to save these species. The technique pushes all the fish inland, and the birds scoop the fish up with their large bills. They are at home in different regions, but their lifestyle and behavior are quite similar. The American white is found from the Yukon and Northwest Territories in Canada, all the way south to Panama in Central America. Every Year Again: Dogs as a Christmas Present, Study Says: You May Sleep Better With Your Dog Nearby. The brood size of cranes. Both parents will take care of young until about 8-10 weeks. It is not known exactly where the European populations wintering grounds are but it is thought to be in Africa. Even though its hard to see, nighttime foraging tends to result in larger fish being caught than during the daytime. American white pelicans develop a knob on the top of the bill that is shed after the breeding season. Where do you find the Great White Pelican? Pelicans Species Of The World Did you know there are 8 of them? Sadly, this belief led to the harassment and culling of large numbers of birds. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, b Monogamy is a form of relationship in which both the male and the female has only one partner. Where do palaearctic great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) presently overwinter?. 1992). 2013. Bird Behavior. In Washington, they are very local breeders in the eastern part of the state (Walla Walla County) and an Populations breeding in Texas and Mexico are resident. It is one of the species to which theAgreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds(AEWA) is applied. The immature pelican will migrate earlier during the winter, and join the flock during the spring migration. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697590A85071806. Pp. In Europe, most of the animals breed in the Danube Delta in Romania, as well as in Turkey and Greece. Stunkard, H. 1964. Once in the air, the pelican will use thermal updrafts to fly, which helps it keep a horizontal glide. Their head rests back on their shoulders, their eyes close and their feathers ruffled against the cold. Cambridge: Cambidge University Press. The Most Common Small Bird In The United States. Pelicans rarely make a sound outside of their breedingcolony. Energy saving in flight formation. marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds. The great white pelican will have its autumn migration between late August and October, while the spring migration starts in April. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. 2001. Once a group of pelicans establishes a colony, they will often remain as part of that colony throughout most of the year. Great White Pelican Wikipedia article -, 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. What fun facts will you learn about pelicans today? It has a large bill that is bright yellow, rosy pink, and light blue. Pelicans are undoubtedly most famous for their characteristic pouch. The birds soar with incredible steadiness on broad, white-and-black wings. That covers all 8 species of pelicans, where they are found, and the habitats they live in. Incubating parents may also stretch their wings wide to aid cooling. But recent conservation efforts, including legal protection, have greatly helped these pelicans. The bird uses this pouch to catch fish and, as the limerick says, its bill does indeed hold more than its "belly can"! Its legs are short and strong with fully webbed toes that allow it to propel itself in water and to take off from the surface of the water. Reference and further resources. Feeding ecology of the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) nesting at Lake Mikri Prespa (northwestern Greece). They also frequent Romania, Ukraine, Turkey, Moldova, Istanbul, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, eastern China, and Taiwan. Great White Pelican - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio It closely resembles the pink pelican but is smaller. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022]. Accessed on18 January 2022. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'theanimalfacts_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_10',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-theanimalfacts_com-large-billboard-2-0');report this adBird News Stores. They can be seen together on beaches, in shallow water, and on sandbanks. Only at mealtimes or in their large breeding colonies do the pelicans become vocal, indulging in a sort of grunting sound to express their excitement. Resident to medium-distance migrant. As aquatic birds, great white pelicans are found in habitats with swamps, shallow lakes, estuaries, lagoons, and on coasts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. They will often move great distances for food or based on seasonal factors such as drought. gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), Field Guide to Birds of the Gambia and Senegal, Longevity Records: Life spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish, A Field Guide to Birds of the Gambia and Senegal, The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Ecology and Conservations of Estuarine Ecosystems, pelicans, tropicbirds, cormorants, and relatives, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697590/0, http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3809. DePuy, W. 1899. They rarely spend winters in inland habitats, instead favoring shallow coastal bays, inlets, and estuaries. Small birds and. The brown pelican inhabits western coastal areas from Ketchikan in Alaska, all the way south to Coquimbo, Chile; and from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, south to Cayenne in French Guiana in the east. Present in winter in sub-Saharan Africa and north of India, the great white pelican migrates to Eastern Europe and Asia for nesting, stopping on the banks of the Danube delta, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. The upper portion is a dark color while the pouch beneath is colored yellow. Newton, S., P. Symens. Brazil, M. 2009. The Pelecanus conspicillatus is found in Australia, Fiji, the island of New Guinea, and parts of Indonesia. The Chilean pelican has gray plumage. The brown pelican can sight a fish when flying at heights up to 70 feet (21 meters). Animals.NET aim to promote interest in nature and animals among children, as well as raise their awareness in conservation and environmental protection. The young will be fed multiple times a day starting for the first 30 days. Australian Pelicans can be found in most inland and coastal areas of Australia. Some are migratory. WebGreat White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. America is home to a variety of small birds. The pelican also has been found on the east coast of Romania and Bulgaria along the Black Sea during breeding season. (Perrins, 2009; BirdLife International, 2015; Vaurie, 1965), The great white pelican causes competition with fisherman because it eats commercial fish that humans also eat, like Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. They prefer living and hunting in inland and coastal water bodies, and are largely absent from polar regions, the open ocean, and isolated islands. The pelican can be found as far west as Montenegro and as far east as Kyrgyzstan. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome. Longevity Records: Life spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish. The Dalmatian Pelican can be found from south-eastern Europe through central Asia to western Mongolia. in the area where the Danube flows into the Black Sea in many branches. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62/3: 360-365. The ritual courtship consist of circle flying from both sexes around the nesting site, building of the nest by the male, raising of closed bill, and expanded gular pouch in males. and other amazing pelican facts. They also may become bycatch in fishing equipment. The parent pelican can be rough with the young if it is not eating by dragging the young by its head. This happens because the young pelican may not be able to catch its own food due to the difficult fishing technique used. WebOne of the largest North American birds, the American White Pelican is majestic in the air. They bathe by ducking their head and body into the water while flapping their wings. New York, NY: Academic Press. They shed heat by facing away from the sun and fluttering their bill poucheswhich contain many blood vessels to let body heat escape. The pelicans are usually found in arid islands or near coastal water. Where does a pelican live? Learn more about the Great White Pelican in this video from GoPro on YouTube. Foraging trips of white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) breeding on Lake Mikri Prespa, Greece. Where do pelicans migrate to in the winter? Some Atlantic and Gulf coast populations migrate further south along the coast during the coldest months of the year. On the Pacific coast, pelicans leave the Gulf of California after breeding, cross the Baja peninsula, and migrate as far north as British Columbia , returning south to breeding areas The gray pelican is one of the smallest pelican species, it is found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Some African populations are resident all year round and never endeavor on any migration. Fain, A., W. Atyeo. Its a good thing pelicans are successful fishers, because they are among the largest of all birds. During the breeding season, a male behaves territorially: gaping, bowing and clapping his bill, and may attack other males with his bill if they come too close. They pull their heads back much like a heron. The nest of this species may be a platform of sticks or a shallow scrape in the ground. The pelican chooses its location for nesting away from mammalian predators and humans. Should the scoop-and-gulp method fail, pelicans have a back-up plan: a little hook at the end of the bill can snag fish. In some areas they are hunted for food, sport or due to a perception that they are a pest of farmed fish. The bill is horn-shaped at the base, and frail. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. Some are killed through collisions with electrical wires and wind turbines. Pink-backed and spot-billed pelicanquick grabbers. Northern breeding populations migrate to southern California, the Gulf States, Mexico, and Central America. For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. 1996. During migration, the pelican migrates an average of 133-160 km/day. The World-wide Encyclopedia and Gazetteer. During the nonbreeding season, it can be found mostly in Africa and parts of Saudi Arabia along the Red Sea. The beak of the female is also shorter and straighter. Dalmatian pelicanlet others find the fish! Their northern populations are migratory. Summary. To use social login you have to agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. It breeds from southeastern Europe through Asia and Africa, in swamps and shallow lakes. Nest sites may include a number of pelican species and include multiple of each of each species. At this point, the young of ground-nesting pelicans cluster together in pods while both parents hunt. Other eastern locations in spring and summer (non-breeding sites) include near Prineville, Crook County; Hermiston, Umatilla County; La Grande, Union County; Richland, Baker County and Vale and Jordan Valley, Malheur County. Studies on the trematode genus Renicola: Observations on the life-history, specificity, and systematic position. Predators are animals that kill and eat other organisms, their prey. A pelicans typical fish selection primarily depends on its location, but common fish across the world are menhaden, herring, sheepshead, pigfish, minnows, silversides, and mullet. Perrins, C. 2009. In the wild, they live up to 40 years, in captivity even up to 50 years. Accessed Accessed January 18, 2022 at, Connecticuts Beardsley Zoo Mourn Passing of, Phascogales Returned to the Wild by Zoos SA, https://www.livingdesert.org/animals/great-white-pelican/, https://wildlifesafari.info/white_pelican.htm, https://www.exoticheritagegroup.com/blog/page13.html, https://www.pairidaiza.eu/en/activities/great-white-pelican, https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pelecanus_onocrotalus/, https://www.fotawildlife.ie/animals-plants/great-white-pelican/, https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697590A177120498.en. Yet studies show that pelicans usually eat rough fish, such as carp, shiners, mullet, and minnows, which are not favorites with people. Great white pelicans are waterfowl. Emily Campbell (author), Radford University, Cari Mcgregor (editor), Radford University, Zeb Pike (editor), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, April Tingle (editor), Radford University, Jacob Vaught (editor), Radford University, Genevieve Barnett (editor), Colorado State University. WebThe great white pelican is the second largest of species based on average size after the Dalmatian pelican. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 10/2: 159-182. You've come to the right place. The spectacled pelican lives from Indonesia across Australia to the Fiji Islands. These birds fly to Northeast Africa in winter and spend the cold season there. The pelican will make hisses and grunts to warn off predators. The great white pelican has a wide range taking in parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. having the capacity to move from one place to another. American White Pelicans cooperate when feeding. As a ground nester, shrinking wetlands caused its population to drop. DDT is widely used across Africa to stop the spread of malaria but makes the eggs of this species thin. By supporting San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, you are our ally in saving and protecting wildlife worldwide. American White Pelicans are found mostly in the western and southern parts of North America. Dalmatian pelicanlet others find the fish! The main component in their diet is fish. 3/1, 1 Edition. On the water they dip their pouched bills to scoop up fish, or tip-up like an oversized dabbling duck. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'theanimalfacts_com-box-3','ezslot_5',104,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-theanimalfacts_com-box-3-0');They are carnivores which will use the large sac under their beak to scoop fish from the water. They have discovered that food is easily attained from fishermen in boats and on bridges or piers. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier. They do not carry fish (often more than one per catch) far in their bill; rather, they throw back their head and swallow the food whole. Yet its a dangerous world for the youngsters, and most do not survive their first year, due largely to predation by birds of prey. WebIt can be found as far north as Egypt, Israel and Jordan along the Mediterranean Sea. The American white pelican is a majestic bird that can be found around the coasts and inland waterways of the North American shores. Great White Pelican on The IUCN Red List site -, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_pelican, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697590/0. The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. The pelican is known as a ground nester, which uses sandbanks, mudflats, wet swamps, rocky ground, grass, or reed beds depending on which resource is abundantly supplied to make the nest. Predators of adults include humans Homo sapiens. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia. Mature pelicans can start breeding as early as three years old. The pelicans have annual breeding intervals. Accessed Moosa, I. These birds will feed in a group. Pelecanus onocrotalus (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Its unique characteristic is the gular pouch inside its beak. 2022. Pelicans breed in massive colonies, and each pair chooses a small nest territory and defends it from other birds. For the most part, these birds prefer to eat fish, but they have been known to prey on other food sources as well. Soaring birds can maintain flight without wing flapping, using rising air currents. These birds live in large groups known as flocks. This material is based upon work supported by the Pelicans received large doses of the chemical from the fish they ate, due topesticidecontamination in the water from runoff and the direct dumping of DDT waste, which affected the oceansfood chain. Overall, currently Great White pelicans are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. They roost on cliffs, coral reefs, dunes, piers, and walls close to an abundant food source. The pelican will raise a closed bill with the gular pouch expanded towards mates, chicks, and other pelicans as a sign of threat or courtship. Journal of Applied Ecology, 9/2: 411-416. Great white pelicans have been known to breed in parts of Turkey, northeastern Uzbekistan, the western half of Armenia, and the east coast of Azerbaijan. Click here to support the IUCNs tireless work gathering the information we need to save these species. Their range extends up into Canada where they can be seen in British Like most pelicans, Australian pelicans are large birds (around 152188 cm with a wingspan of 230260 cm) and rely on thermal updrafts to carry them upwards into the air. They are powerful fliers and often travel in flocks in a V-formation to reduce drag for the group. They sometimes perch in trees, but usually they roost on the ground. BirdLife International, 2015. Map data are provided by NatureServe in collaboration with Robert Ridgely, James Zook, The Nature Conservancy - Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International - CABS, World Wildlife Fund - US, and Environment Canada - WILDSPACE. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. The pelicans will use a V-shaped formation with up to 20 birds while fishing. The eight different species of pelican can be found on every continent except for Antarctica. The pelican will make a loud grunt when taking off within a flock. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching. Due to their diet, this species may affect fish populations across a range of habitats. As water birds, pelicans use fish as their main food source. Great white pelicans mostly eat fish species, but have been known to eat cape cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis and the kelp gull Larus dominicanus eggs when other food becomes scarce. It is also commonly found nesting near large rivers, warm lagoons, shallow marshes, deltas and inland waters. And more and more, theyre stopping to refuel in Michigan. Water evaporates more quickly from their skin, and their temperature decreases. It can be difficult to provide this in a private setting. The average female pelican has multiple clutches in its lifetime. Brown, L., E. Urban. Fish-eating Birds 10 Australian birds that love that sushi. Four to five pelicans swim side by side, gliding in a semicircle facing the shore. Additionally, building powerlines underground has decreased deaths via the collision for the pelicans. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) #4 Great White Pelican. Australian pelicans prefer large stretches of open water without too much vegetation. In Africa it is observed year round while in temperate areas it is concentrated during spring. They breed in colonies that can consist of several hundred or even several thousand animals. The changing climate has caused a decrease in water levels in some wetlands in which the pelican forages. Australian pelicans are found in, you guessed it, Australia! By 1970, brown pelicans were listed asendangered. 1 by Andrew Elliot (Author), Josep del Hoyo (Editor), Jordi Sargatal(Editor), andChristoph Imboden(Foreword). Occasionally they will form mixed flocks with other species such as the Dalmatian Pelican(. 78-81 in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Birds, Vol. Pelicans are an old family of birds, with fossils dating back almost 40 million years. This means that webbing connects all four of their toes, even the back toe. Where can the Great White Pelican survive? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'birdwatchworld_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdwatchworld_com-banner-1-0');When roosting or lazing about, Australian pelicans prefer shorelines, beaches, mudflats, sandbars, reefs, jetties, and even light poles. A lot of the information in this article has been sourced from The Handbook Of The Birds Of The World Vol. The pelican can range from 9.07-11.79 kg and the wingspan ranges from 274.32- 335.28 cm. Data table and detailed info. Like the pink pelican, it is one of the largest pelicans The rhinoceros pelican is found from the USA through Mexico to Central America. Pelicans are perhaps one of the planets most recognizable and well-known bird species. In addition to the pink pelican, the genus of pelicans includes seven other species. Great white pelican. At the time of migration, over 75,000 birds have been seen in Israel, and during winter, over 45,000 birds may stay in Pakistan. Izhaki, I., M. Shmueli, Z. Arad, Y. Steinberg, A. Crivelli. Though American White Pelicans breed at fewer than 60 colonies in total, their large size and propensity to travel large distances, even when breeding, make finding them fairly straightforward. The iris is a red or red-brown. Tets, G. 1965. They also have long necks to match their long bills. Around the world, pelicans are accused of competing with fishermen as well as with the commercial fishing industry. Because they take advantage of the thermals in the air and allow themselves to be carried upwards by the warm air currents, they can climb high and glide very elegantly in the air. makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds. Pelicans live throughout the world in tropic and temperate zones, and always near bodies of water. They have a wingspan of 2.3-3.6m (7.5-12ft) across. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Parasite, 18/1: 39-48. These pelicans paddle along in the water, usually where there is a lot of vegetation where they can hide. 2022. Chef Reader is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. They avoid the open seas or are rarely seen far off-shore. The use of the insecticide DDT almost wiped out pelicans and other birds by causing eggshells to thin. Campbell, E. 2022. The red-bellied pelican is widespread in Africa. Like a landing net, they catch fish with their throat pouch while swimming in the water. The use of the insecticide DDT almost wiped out pelicans. They have been recorded as far north as Alnwick in the United Kingdom, and as far south as Aden in Yemen. WebDiet The species is entirely piscivorous, preferentially taking fish of between 300 and 600 g in weight (del Hoyo et al. Arriving flocks include 2-75 individuals. Pelicans are splendid fliers, too, and can soar like eagles with their giant wings. Some pelicans also clap their bill while looking up, gape, bow, and wag their head to defend territory. The bills of the great white pelicans were thought to cure diarrhea, sores, and boils. Short, webbed feet help these aquatic birds swim while in the water. A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. The great white pelican can also be found sporadically throughout parts of India, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. These large-feathered Australians are nomadic. So you have decided to go on a birding trip and you are looking for some tips for planning it. The great white pelicans are considered monogamous pairs, which are formed through courtship. that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
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