You multiply that by 0.334 in2 which is the area of the minor diameter of the threads for 3/4-10. WebAnswer (1 of 2): To understand the calculation part you should visit the plant and see the entire process of testing. Mechanical Engineering. In layman's terms, it is the measurement of the force required to stretch a material until it breaks. This corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension. Then multiply that by your tensile and yield (in psi) and that will give you your ultimate strength. Load (lbs) This is the force applied to your tube. Slow down there, Dane, you should qualify that the bolt will always fail in tensile as opposed to thread stripping statement. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. The plate material tensile strengths are : Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! @Pat The biggest question would be Asian or African elephant? Apologies. Example - Strength of Copper at 100 o C. As indicated in the first figure - the strength of copper is reduced to approximately. @Zulkifly- The torque equation, T=KDP is on our torque page along with common values. I am waiting for your kind response L stands for the length of the specified rod. We are not sure. Continuing with the example from Step 1, multiplying five by six equals an area of 30 square inches. That configuration should be able to carry a hefty static tension load. AREA = 0.2 IN. 2. design of the tree stand i.e. in Static state, approx. As I understand it, in simplist terms, tensile strength is the force required to pull a bolt apart and yeild is the force required to deform it to the point where it does not fully recover. @Matt from a bolt strength standpoint, anything 1/4 diameter or larger would support the weight. 6) Shear strength: the maximum shear load a material can withstand before failing divided by its cross-sectional area. @Dan- You are correct, 19kips. What is the tensile strength in psi of the weakest steel alloy commonly on the market? @Erinosho There are conversion charts available to convert hardness to tensile for steel and steel alloy products, but I do not know if they are accurate for Titanium alloys. The specimen is held on opposite ends using clamps. The Yield Point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load. Brinell Hardness uses a hard, spherical indenter which is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. Apologies. Tensile strength is typically quantified through units of pounds per square inch (PSI) or pascals (Pa). a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, is the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area in which the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.) Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or the ultimate.. The stress on the wire rope will be the load in Kg divided by the total cross sectional area Apologies. The self drilling screw based on SCREW #8 x 1/2(P/H). As for your factor of safety question, you are correct that they vary a little based on application. i was curious if you could tell me how much weight a 5/8 inch by 12 inch lag bolt can hold up i have a tree stand 21 feet in the air so i would like to tell people this so they feel more comfortable thank you for your time, Your email address will not be published. Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after distortion. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. WebFrom this curve we can determine: a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area where the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S. Finally, we divide the stress by strain to find the Youngs modulus of steel: E = / = 300*10 / 0.0015 = 200*10 = 200 GPa . If I take the area (pie x r sqd) I get 3.14 x .312 x.312 =1.962 x 36,000psi tensile = 70,650 yield. The total weight it needs to support is 700lbs and my mounting hardware has two bolt holes for each chain. WebUltimate tensile strength of low-carbon steel is between 400 550 MPa. Each has a 115 ton capacity. Then on the stress-strain diagram, lay off om equal to the specified value of the offset (i.e. @JD I am sorry, but we do not have any experience with testing pipe or special samples like that. TS MPa. It is available for purchase through the AISC website. Calculate the strain felt by the the cross section of the coupon is .250x.250. If instead, you are trying to calculate the strength of a full sized bar with no threads, then you did the math correctly. For an M6 and M8 bolt I need to determine the bolt length to withstand certain applied forces. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. For example, a member with a cross-sectional area of 2 in sq and an applied load of 1000 pounds has a maximum tensile stress of 500 pounds per square inch (psi). IS M5 BOLT SUFFICIENT TO CARRY WEIGHT OF 6Kg MOTOR HAVING 270 Kgcm TORQUE. Hi 10000 psi can be converted to 0.069 GPa and 10 ksi as indicated in the chart below: Note! WebGently and FIRMLY clamp the ends of the steel wire rope and apply tensile pressure at the ends such that all the strands of the wire rope share the load applied. If so what calculation do you use to gather that information? The 0.57*TYS is probably taken from the von Mises/distortion energy/octahedral shear stress criterion, and it should be stated as shear yield strength = 0.577*tensile yield strength. If you have some specifics about what you are trying to calculate, please email me and perhaps I can assist. While concrete is strong in compression, it is weak in tension and can easily crack. This 1 tube has an I..D. a little larger than 3/4 which will allow the wire spool to slip over the 3/4 inch shaft. @Adhi I am sorry, I do not completely understand your question. From this, the range is calculated and this range is set in the UTM.Assuming working stress = 140N/mm Factor of safety = 3.i.e Ultimate stress = 140x3 = 420N/mm. Divide the the applied load by the cross-sectional area to calculate the maximum tensile stress. The wire spool is approximately 12 in length and has a 1 O.D. Multiply the length and width of the steel plate to determine its area. @Lachu- Apologies, but we do not have any engineers on staff and so are unable to make any recommendations in this instance. However, the weakest point will be where the bolt screws into the wood and the strength will be limited by the pull out value of the wood. Therefore here are the figures: Torque tool generates up to 10,000 PSI of hydraulic pressure at testing or proving. Unlike tensile and yield strengths, there are no published shear strength values or requirements for ASTM specifications. Please help I can not find anywhere. I need to do a verification calculation to show that using 10 bolts in a 20 bolt ANSI 900 flange with a garlock gasket operating at 700 psig is safe. Required fields are marked *. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or even to the ultimate.. Material of the hook is duplex stainless steel, factor of safety is 6 : 1. @Z- We can calculate the tensile, yield, or shear strength, but to me it sounds like youd be more concerned with the bar bending. The tensile strength of concrete is its ability to resist being stretched or pulled apart under stress. If it is a large swinging or bouncing load, get an engineer to look at it. In this regard, I am deciding to use square pipe 150x75x6.3mm to hold the load coming over this projected structure by bolting pipes on concrete slab to avoid the distressing of structure in place. how do i need to calculate the tensile strength for the self drilling screw? The AISC publishes Available Tensile values for A325 and other structural bolts and uses two factors, 2.0 for ASD and 0.75 for LRFD. The formulas on your website require that know the type of steel alloy the bolt is made out of. @Vani- Apologies, but we do not have any information regarding this kind of material. First, find the ultimate tensile strength using the formula above. WebGuide to Tensile Strength. [citation needed] Tenacity (textile strength) [ edit] Stress (normal) Stress is the ratio of applied load to the cross-sectional area of an element in tension and isexpressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kg/mm 2 . @Ng- We have tables and formulas for smaller bolts, but nothing with metric grades or sizes since we do not manufacture anything in metric sizes or grades. Not every application will be the same. @Success- Each individual manufacturer of eye bolts has a chart that lists what their bolts are rated at. If this stress is applied and maintained, a fracture will result. WebUltimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or ) within equations is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. If your 12.9 bolts have readings that low, there had to be an error in either the manufacturing processes or in the testing procedures. Yes that is a good analysis and rule of thumb on thread engagement. WebThe ultimate tensile strength of a material is calculated by dividing the area of the material tested (the cross section) by the stress placed on the material, generally expressed in terms of pounds or tons per square inch of material. WebTensile Stress Formula = F A Where, is the tensile stress F is the force acting A is the cross-sectional area You may also want to check out these topics given below! @Ravish Yes it is possible, but not common, that a bolt can pass the tensile test but fail the proof load test. Take that value and multiply it by 60% (0.60). WebThe following are basic definitions and equations used to calculate the strength of materials. @Ryan Mozingo Unfortunately, the value that you are looking for is impossible to calculate with any accuracy. WebUltimate tensile strength of low-carbon steel is between 400 550 MPa. 90,000. Specifically 35mm diameter 3mm thick 1000 mm long. Webcastings steel; cast iron; wrought iron; stainless steel (304N) Strength of Metals - SI Units. Math can be tough, but with a little practice, anyone can master it. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How do you calculate tensile strength? Stress (normal) Stress is the ratio of applied load to the cross-sectional area of an element in tension and isexpressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kg/mm 2 . please attach the detail calculation of steel hollow section pipe SHS40x40x2.5 where thickness is 2.5 Rule of thumb is that one diameters worth of thread engagement is sufficient, so a 1 engagement on a 3/4-10 bolt should be more than enough. Place the steel plate between the cross heads of the universal testing machine, and align it so that it is perfectly center. @Aman- In order to help you with this question, we would need to know the grade of bolt and nut, as well as how the fastener is being used. TS MPa. It is important to understand that this value is only an estimate. Its actually used to measure the amount of energy the material can absorb at the limited state. RPstress (Aerospace) 23 May 06 14:01. Nut size is 2 15/16 heavy hex This limit is achieved by electric and magnetic field lines, QCD flux tubes, and the fundamental strings hypothesized by string theory. We can help in calculating tensile strength values for fasteners using the above methodology. TVP (Materials) 20 May 06 13:40. 2 otherwise please clarify. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Unfortunately, there is no way of verifying what grade your bolt is, or what steel your bolt is made out of, so there is absolutely no way of verifying the validity of the above information. TVP (Materials) 20 May 06 13:40. For more information, please see our FAQ on bolt shear strength considerations. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. Webfor Tensile/Yield & Charpy values. How do you calculate tensile strength? We calculate the stress, using the stress formula: = F/A = 30*10 / (1*10) = 300*10 = 300 MPa . The commonly used strength indexes are yield strength and tensile strength. I am currently working on a project that involves the use of a hydraulic torque wrench to tighten a series of nuts on an oil field blow out preventer or otherwise known as a B.O.P. Hey, i want to know if 12 mm MS nut & Bolt can bear a load of 300 Kg. Arash. How do I determine what length bolt to use? 16 Examples of Tensile Strength Bamboo, 350, 50,763 Steel, 531, 77,015 Spider Silk, 1,000, 145,038 Diamond, 2,800, 406,105. WebSuppose the diameter and length of rod are and 36 inches. The following formula is used to provide the solution :-. The tensile strength of concrete is its ability to resist being stretched or pulled apart under stress. I need to figure out the sheer strength of a 3/8-16 zinc plated u-bolt. hi. ), max = P max /A 0 , where P max = maximum load, A 0 = original cross sectional area. TS 1420 MPa approximately* =. 0 = 1.13in Bolt diameter First, find the ultimate tensile strength using the formula above. First of all, I appreciate your generosity and answering the questions. Apologies. I am using a tensile tester to measure tensile strength. In layman's terms, it is the measurement of the force required to stretch a material until it breaks. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The lowest grades commonly have a tensile of about 60ksi, and whereas we cant promise that yours will be in that range, wed be surprised if it was much different. how do you come about 58000 psi x 0.334 in2. WebUltimate Tensile Strength. stated in tons. WebHow do you calculate stress in steel? What wed need to know first is what tension or clamping force are you trying to achieve? The Proof strength is usually around 90% of the Yield strength for standard steel bolts. Strain (normal) A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. There are 3 different types of tensile strengths: Tensile yield strength Ultimate tensile strength Fracture tensile strength The yield strength is the strength a metal has before it begins to plastically deform. Apply a known force F on the cross-section area and measure the material's length while this force is being applied. The top of of your beam, loaded in compression, will fail in buckling. It is typically measured using the split cylinder test or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C78 method for determining flexural strength. Here F stands for applied force/load. The 0.57*TYS is probably taken from the von Mises/distortion energy/octahedral shear stress criterion, and it should be stated as shear yield strength = 0.577*tensile yield strength. WebEnter half of your outside dims if you want to calculate solid bar (square tube only). @Don Using the area (3.14 x r^2) and multiplying that by the approximate shear strength (60% of tensile), I get the following values: 3/4=31,824lbs. I was wondering how the tensilestrength of the bolt related to the thread strength. WebFrom this curve we can determine: a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area where the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S. We can then calculate a ballpark torque value, but you would still want to verify that before installation. Web2) tensile strength of steel is higher than compressive strength, steel experience good behave in tension whereas poor behave in compression. Load (lbs) This is the force applied to your tube. Apologies. A stands for cross-sectional area of the rod. (suggested range: 390 ~ 2450 MPa) Approx. ), max = P max /A 0 , where P max = maximum load, A 0 = original cross sectional area. After manufacture the bar will be oil quench hardened to 1575-1625 degrees for 1.5hrs / heated to 950 degrees for 4 hours and air cooled. 3. where is the lag bolt relative to the pivot point of the cantilever? Tensile strength is typically quantified through units of pounds per square inch (PSI) or pascals (Pa). A bolt is designated to be 8.8 according to BS3692, what is the yield stress of the bolt? =. T (in) Weld fillet throat dimension My suggestion would be to rig up a sling like they did in Smokey and the Bandit II, that supported Charlotte the elephant, and she was pregnant. Once the tensile capacity (or strength) of the material is assessed, engineers will typically calculate the applied stress in the component. Length of tube (inches) Set to 12 if you're just comparing materials Material Choose your material. WebAn approximate relationship between the hardness and the tensile strength (of steel) is, where HB is the Brinnell Hardness of the material, as measured with a standard indenter and a 3000 kgf load. The shaft will extend beyond a pillow block bearing approximately 13 and will not be supported on the end. Calculate the strain felt by the Since there is a range of values of tensile strength shall we use lower value to calculate thickness 3. Continuing with the example from Step 1, multiplying five by six equals an area of 30 square inches. It is important to understand that this value is only an estimate. Sign up for our bi-monthly email newsletter for all the latest! @Rachid- Apologies, but that is a little out of our realm of expertise. Divide the the applied load by the cross-sectional area to calculate the maximum tensile stress. TS 1420 MPa approximately* =. Material choice would be ASTM A193 B7 or B8. Use the following calculator to convert Izod or Charpy values from Joules (J) to foot/pound (ft/lbs) or vice versa. c, cross sectional area. Once the tensile capacity (or strength) of the material is assessed, engineers will typically calculate the applied stress in the component. Thank you. The yield would be 54,500lbs, and the shear would be 36,360lbs. A UTM is a tensile testing machine. Cite this Article. How do I show this calculation. https://www.portlandbolt.com/technical/strength-requirements-by-grade/. A stands for cross-sectional area of the rod. I just want to know that how i calculate the strength of 12 mm hexagon bolts, for example, in one rack 08 bolts of 12 mm hold the rack, than how much weight capacity of the rack. @Kandyice- We are unsure of what you are asking. However, the limiting factor will be the material it is screwed into, and the wood will typically yield before the lag bolt will, so you may have a problem using only one lag bolt. @Nick- The AISC Steel Construction Manual has that information in various charts. If this stress is applied and maintained, a fracture will result. Brinell Hardness uses a hard, spherical indenter which is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. [citation needed] Tenacity (textile strength) [ edit] @Brad- The tensile strength of the bolt does not change if it is loose, as long as it is still engaged in the nut at least one diameter. It is important to understand that this value is only an estimate. WebThe ultimate tensile strength of a material is calculated by dividing the area of the material tested (the cross section) by the stress placed on the material, generally expressed in terms of pounds or tons per square inch of material. @Vani- Apologies, but that is not something we are able to help with. For example, a member with a cross-sectional area of 2 in sq and an applied load of 1000 pounds has a maximum tensile stress of 500 pounds per square inch (psi). Strength of Metals - Imperial Units. Strain (normal) A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material. (General Electric standard 12A1200), @Frederick- You would multiply the tensile stress area of the stud by the yield and tensile in psi of the aluminum. Merci. Finally, we divide the stress by strain to find the Youngs modulus of steel: E = / = 300*10 / 0.0015 = 200*10 = 200 GPa . Does tensile strength fall off if the bolt is loose, but still has thread engagement with the nut? The applied tensile stress in a body is defined as the sum of the internal forces per unit area of the object. Tensile Stress Formula If the force is acting perpendicular to the surface is given by F, and the surface area is H, then tensile stress (T) is given by: T = F H S.I. WebTo calculate tensile strength, divide the ultimate force and the cross-sectional area the force is acting on. Ultimate tensile strength formula: max = Pmax /A0 where A0 = original cross sectional area, Pmax = maximum load This value is usually much higher than the yield stress (as much as 50 to 60 percent more than the yield for some types of metals). The top of of your beam, loaded in compression, will fail in buckling. Tensile Stress Formula If the force is acting perpendicular to the surface is given by F, and the surface area is H, then tensile stress (T) is given by: T = F H S.I. Example - Strength of Copper at 100 o C. As indicated in the first figure - the strength of copper is reduced to approximately. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. The top of of your beam, loaded in compression, will fail in buckling. 6 Ton Lifeboat hook will be installed to anchor bracket with 42 mm anchor bolt. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or the ultimate.. You would need to tell us what diameter and grade to fabricate. Tensile strength can be divided into three types: yield strength, which is the amount of stress a material can withstand without becoming permanent deformed. In layman's terms, it is the measurement of the force required to stretch a material until it breaks. For example do you need its tensile value, or shear value, or perhaps some other value? The commonly used strength indexes are yield strength and tensile strength. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. Calculate the strain felt by the Does the length of the bolt not affect the sheer tensile figure? AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. You will need to contact a test lab for more information. 2003. Unlike tensile and yield strengths, there are no published shear strength values or requirements for ASTM specifications. How do you calculate tensile strength? Elongation = FL/AE. Web2) tensile strength of steel is higher than compressive strength, steel experience good behave in tension whereas poor behave in compression. @Pierce Ryans question was answered by us directly above his question. Proof stress is a simple pass or fail test where the full size bolt is tensioned to a predetermined proofload value, held for 10 seconds, then measured to see if it elongated. The 0.57*TYS is probably taken from the von Mises/distortion energy/octahedral shear stress criterion, and it should be stated as shear yield strength = 0.577*tensile yield strength. Ultimate tensile strength formula: max = Pmax /A0 where A0 = original cross sectional area, Pmax = maximum load This value is usually much higher than the yield stress (as much as 50 to 60 percent more than the yield for some types of metals). WebUltimate tensile strength of low-carbon steel is between 400 550 MPa. Males can weigh up 14,000lbs, so well use that as a worst case scenario. As for shear, the strength in the threads is approximately 25-30% less than the shear strength in the shank. WebWhat is the ultimate tensile strength of UTS? unit of T = Pascal (Pa) or Newton per meter square or N x m- 2 Dimensional formula for tensile stress = M1L1T2 Tensile Strength Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. For an example, lets use normal draft. Thank you! Thank you for a very concise explanation on calculating yield and tensile strength. unit of T = Pascal (Pa) or Newton per meter square or N x m- 2 Dimensional formula for tensile stress = M1L1T2 Tensile Strength In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. If nut and bolt are made from the same material,and thread engagement is at least 55% the bolt will pull into (tensil) before the thread shears. So what I need to know is how many foot pounds of torque would be required to tighten these heavy hex nuts. Ultimate shear strength is commonly estimated to be 0.6*UTS. 4. how large was the pilot hole for the lag bolt? WebUltimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or ) within equations is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. Continuing with the example from Step 1, multiplying five by six equals an area of 30 square inches. In general however, it is usually chemistry, mechanical properties, and manufacturing process that can differentiate one grade from another. Also, I agree with jhardy1, above. Mechanical Engineering. can I download it on any website. Im standing a 5000lb tare on top of another 5000 lb tare. Ultimate tensile strength formula: max = Pmax /A0 where A0 = original cross sectional area, Pmax = maximum load This value is usually much higher than the yield stress (as much as 50 to 60 percent more than the yield for some types of metals). The applied tensile stress in a body is defined as the sum of the internal forces per unit area of the object. I wanted to know that for Tensile Strength Testing, what is the minimum length of the bolt that can be used? @Rinky- We are sorry, but we are not familiar with EN 45502, so are unable to help. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. I hope that helps-. @Zwede- I am sorry, but we do not have any information on hollow pipe. How to calculate tensile strength of braided steel wire? I would agree with that response it isnt anything we can easily calculate. Im hanging a porch swing into a 7foot long 212 that is supporting my balcony. Measure the cross-section area A.. [citation needed] Tenacity (textile strength) [ edit] what am I doing wrong? looking for your favorable reply. a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, is the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area in which the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.) I was not able to find an exact definition in ACI318, but sections 4 through 6 in appendix D discuss steel strengths in detail. Tensile strength is important on the bottom of your beam. ultimate tensile strength of 19 kips. Webfor Tensile/Yield & Charpy values. @Waseem I am sorry, but we dont know how to calculate mechanical properties on pipe. Applying the formula for calculating tensile strength for a mild steel bolt, we get a value of 10,500 lbs. Load (lbs) This is the force applied to your tube. WebFrom this curve we can determine: a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area where the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. Of course there is possibility of failure if all is not right. Also I would like to know the same exact thing but for a 2 inch bar of the same steel. @Vinod- We chose to use clamploads based on 75% of proofload simply because in a few publications, that seemed to be a semi-common practice. Yield strength and tension strength of Fe250 is 250MPa and 410MPa respectively, tensile strength is 410MPa whereas maximum compressive strength is only about 35 to 40% of tensile strength. If your structure is rigid enough that it does not wobble about, it will be very strong. WebTensile strength of steel:- the tensile strength of structural steel is 400 N/mm2 and for carbon steel is 841N/mm2, it can be also measured in SI unit Mega Pascal as 400 841MPa in India and other country but in US customary region measured in psi and their value is 58000 Of course, the siding would likely pull away from the house first, but. I will edit. @Chris Lumbricusland Sorry, but we do not have any information on calculating that. If your joint is more complicated, and if there are forces that are not in a straight line, then you will need to consult an engineer. Measure its initial length, L without any stress applied to the material. Strength of Metals - Imperial Units. @oyewole- 58,000psi is the minimum tensile strength of A36 and F1554g36 material. is divided by P max /A 0, where P max is the maximum load and A 0 is the original cross sectional area. Math can be tough, but with a little practice, anyone can master it. Then on the stress-strain diagram, lay off om equal to the specified value of the offset (i.e. WebHow do you calculate stress in steel? Multiply the length and width of the steel plate to determine its area. The shear strength, which I think you are concerned about would be about 60% of that value. Take that value and multiply it by 60% (0.60). @Tom Faris I am sorry, but that is above our level of expertise. Load Distribution Point Load in Center @Mario- It is difficult for us to make specific torque recommendations because every application is different and because torque is a tricky animal. "ratio ofstress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis". I have seen literature that suggests a FoS of 8.5, although in engineering, FoSs of 2 5 are more common. @Muhammad- Apologies, but we do not have any experience with sheet metal, and do not know how the mechanicals are tested or calculated. WebGuide to Tensile Strength. Yes, feel free to moderate my comment and delete my sarcasm (or whole post for that matter), but I do thank you for the information.