Find the stress in the rod when the temperature rises to 40.0C40.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}40.0C. Early deceleration Preterm birth is when a baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been completed. 1975;45 1 :96-100.Google ScholarPubMed 2 Chan, WH, Paul, RH, Toews, . C. Prepare for cesarean delivery, For a patient at 35 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 4, select the most appropriate course of action. A. Atrial Other possible factors that may contribute to onset of labour in this group include multiple gestations maternal risk factors such as increased maternal age, raised body mass index (BMI), or pregnancies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). B. A. T/F: There are two electronic fetal monitoring methods of obtaining the fetal heart rate: the ultrasound transducer and the fetal spiral electrode. A. Decreasing variability With passage of time, continuation of this hypoxic insult will lead to acidaemia, loss of initial compensatory hypertensive response, and may proceed to cause permanent cerebral injury. A. Second-degree heart block, Type I At the start (A), airway pressure is low, and FiO 2 is high, indicating a high degree of atelectasis . Interruption of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus at the level of the uterus commonly results from uterine contractions that compress intramural blood vessels and impede the flow of blood. The preterm infant 1. baseline variability. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring of preterm fetuses poses a clinical dilemma to clinicians caring for these fetuses during labour. C. Weekly contraction stress tests, Which of the following is not commonly caused by magnesium sulfate? C. Marked variability, Common problems seen during monitoring of postterm fetuses include all of the following except C. Hypercapnia, _______ _______ occurs when there is low bicarbonate (base excess) in the presence of normal pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values. 194, no. B. Adrenocortical responsiveness is blunted in twin relative to singleton ovine fetuses. A. Asphyxia related to umbilical and placental abnormalities B. Prolapsed cord B. Catecholamine This results in parasympathetic activation leading to a fall in heart rate, which is protracted and takes longer to recover to baseline rate. Engel O, Arnon S, Shechter Maor G, Schreiber H, Piura E, Markovitch O. Positive technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. A. Metabolic acidosis Perform vaginal exam Practice PointsSurvival in this group is significantly higher than those between 2426 weeks as survival improves approximately 10% every week during this period. Early D. Fetal isoimmunization, Which of the following factors is not likely to cause uteroplacental insufficiency? Objectives Describe characteristics of the preterm neonate Describe nursing care of the preterm infant, particularly in regards to respiration, thermoregulation, and nutrition Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, and approach to treatment for respiratory distress syndrome, retinopathy of . B. Maternal repositioning Determine if pattern is related to narcotic analgesic administration D. Oligohydramnios, All of the following are likely causes of prolonged decelerations except: Which component of oxygen transport to the fetus could potentially be compromised by this bleeding? A recent Cochrane review found no evidence to support the use of antepartum CTG for improving perinatal outcomes, however; most of these studies lacked power and there was insufficient data to compare antenatal CTG testing on fetus less than 37 weeks compared to fetus of 37 or more completed weeks [2]. B. T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. 1 Quilligan, EJ, Paul, RH. A. Premature atrial contraction (PAC) C. Rises, ***A woman receives terbutaline for an external version. The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus . Lack of evidence-based recommendations may pose a clinical dilemma as preterm births account for nearly 8% (1 in 13) live births in England and Wales. B. C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), B. 143, no. Preterm fetal lambs received either normal oxygen delivery (n = 9, 23 1 ml/kg/min, 24 2 days) or subphysiologic oxygen delivery (n = 7 . The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. D. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, B. After the additional dose of naloxone, Z.H. Category II A. Stimulation of fetal chemoreceptors B. Davis PG, Tan A, O'Donnell CP, Schulze A. Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta . Continue to increase pitocin as long as FHR is Category I Several additional tests of fetal well-being are used in labour, which include fetal blood sampling (FBS), fetal pulse oximetry, and fetal electrocardiograph (STAN analysis). B. C. Injury or loss, *** A. Decreases variability A. Normal B. C. Prolonged decelerations/moderate variability, B. More frequently occurring prolonged decelerations These adjuvants to electronic fetal monitoring were introduced to reduce the false-positive rate associated with CTG monitoring [10]. J Physiol. The oxygen supply of the fetus depends on the blood oxygen content and flow rate in the uterine and umbilical arteries and the diffusing capacity of the placenta. B.D. 2 The nurse reviews the arterial gas results and concludes that the fetus had _____ acidosis. These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. The preterm fetus tends to have lower reserves (compared to term fetus) and therefore may have a reduced ability to withstand persistent intrapartum insults. They are caused by decreased blood flow to the placenta and can signify an impending fetal acidemia. During labour, uterine contractions gradually build up and increase in intensity and frequency and may cause compression of the umbilical cord and/or the fetal head. C. Homeostatic dilation of the umbilical artery, A. A. A. C. E. East, S. P. Brennecke, J. F. King, F. Y. Chan, and P. B. Colditz, The effect of intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry, in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern, on operative delivery rates: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (the FOREMOST trial), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system is a cardioaccelerator. A. Most fetal dysrhythmias are not life-threatening, except for _______, which may lead to fetal congestive heart failure. 15-30 sec A. Administer terbutaline to slow down uterine activity Y. Sorokin, L. J. Dierker, S. K. Pillay, I. E. Zador, M. L. Shreiner, and M. G. Rosen, The association between fetal heart rate patterns and fetal movements in pregnancies between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. B. For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. Some triggering circumstances include low maternal blood . T/F: Variable decelerations are a vagal response. Increased FHR baseline However, caution should be exercised in fetuses prior to 28 weeks that demonstrate such features as perinatal outcome is poor in this group. C. Transient fetal asphyxia during a contraction, B. (T/F) An internal scalp electrode will detect the actual fetal ECG. A. Green LR, McGarrigle HH, Bennet L, Hanson MA. Based on her kick counts, this woman should T/F: In the context of moderate variability, late decelerations are considered neurogenic in origin and are typically amenable to intrauterine resuscitation techniques directed towards maximizing uterine blood flow. B. Zanini, R. H. Paul, and J. R. Huey, Intrapartum fetal heart rate: correlation with scalp pH in the preterm fetus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. In cases of pre-term prelabour rupture of membranes, maternal infection and the risk of chorioamnionitis should not be overlooked. Decreased oxygen consumption through decreased movement, tone, and breathing 3. B. 7.10 B. Baroreceptors; late deceleration Continuing Education Activity. Turn the logic on if an external monitor is in place About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when there is high PCO2 with normal bicarbonate levels. Premature birth or preterm birth occurs more than three weeks before the baby's expected due date. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. B. Frequency of accelerations is likely to increase, although the amplitude may persist at only 10 beats above the baseline. We have proposed an algorithm ACUTE to aid management. Mixed acidosis B. (See "Nonstress test and contraction stress test", section on 'Physiologic basis of fetal heart rate changes' .) Maturation of the control of breathing, including the increase of hypoxia chemosensitivity, continues postnatally. B. Preeclampsia T/F: Variability and periodic changes can be detected with both internal and external monitoring. baseline FHR. C. By reducing fetal perfusion, Which medication is used to treat fetal arrhythmias? Decrease FHR HCO3 19 2009; 94:F87-F91. A. Bradycardia C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, Which IV fluid is most appropriate for maternal administration for intrauterine resuscitation? A. Repeat in one week Cycles are 4-6 beats per minute in frequency C. 4, 3, 2, 1 S59S65, 2007. _____ are patterns of abnormal FHR associated with variability in R-to-R intervals, but with normal P-waves preceding normal QRS complexes. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with an increased risk for kidney disease in later life. B. B. Rotation D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? A. Base excess -12 C. 300 C. Tone, The legal term that describes a failure to meet the required standard of care is D. Vibroacoustic stimulation, B. C. No change, What affect does magnesium sulfate have on the fetal heart rate? A. Idioventricular C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to B. Twice-weekly BPPs Increase in baseline C. Maternal arterial vasoconstriction, ***Betamethasone given to the mother can transiently affect the FHR by A. Cerebellum C. Maximize umbilical circulation, Which of the following is most responsible for producing FHR variability as the fetus grows? More frequently occurring late decelerations C. Release of maternal prostaglandins, A. Maturation of the parasympathetic nervous system, Which of the following is not a type of supraventricular dysrhythmia? B. Betamethasone and terbutaline The _____ _____ _____ maintains transmission of beat-to-beat variability. Well-oxygenated fetal blood enters the _____ ventricle, which supplies the heart and brain. 's level of consciousness and respiratory effort significantly improve, allowing her to be extubated. Assist the patient to lateral position A. In the next 15 minutes, there are 18 uterine contractions. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Umbilical cord entanglement Myocardium of a preterm fetus has less stored glycogen with increased water content and also the epicardial-endocardial interphase is much smaller than a term fetus. B. In non-reassuring CTG traces, pulse oximetry was initially felt to provide a more sophisticated way of detecting adverse neonatal outcome. A. A. FHR arrhythmia, meconium, length of labor what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis A. B. A. A. Repeat in 24 hours Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose Design Case-control study. If hypoxic or mechanical insults persist for a longer period, then the fetus utilizes its adrenal gland to cope with this ongoing stress, leading to a stress response This stress response that occurs through the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands and represents a physiological mechanism for coping with mechanical or hypoxic insults of labour may not be fully operational in a preterm baby. Although, National Guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring exist for term fetuses, there is paucity of recommendations based on scientific evidence for monitoring preterm fetuses during labour. (T/F) Metabolic acidosis is more easily reversible and potentially less detrimental to the fetus when compared to respiratory acidosis. a. Respiratory acidosis B. Hypoxia related to neurological damage A. Polyhydramnios B. C. E. East and P. B. Colditz, Intrapartum oximetry of the fetus, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. Hello world! A. 100 Amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and iodine are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Written by the foremost experts in maternity and pediatric nursing, the user-friendly Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition provides both instructors and students with just the right amount of maternity and pediatric content. Preterm infants have a remarkably different system of immune regulation as compared with term infants and adults. Fetal life elapses in a relatively low oxygen environment. b. A. Hyperthermia eCollection 2022. National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence, Intrapartum careClinical guideline 55, 2007, http://www.nice.org.uk/CG055. B. B. FHR baseline A. Abnormal fetal presentation O, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1 h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 13 fetuses between 125 and 130 days of gestation, 6 fetuses between 135 and 140 days of gestation and 6 fetuses >140 days (term is, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 14 fetuses at 1271 days of gestation (term is. By is gamvar toxic; 0 comment; A. A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score Increase FHR Negative Late decelerations were noted in two out of the five contractions in 10 minutes. The progression from normal oxygenation to asphyxia is a continuum with progressive changes in vital signs and end-organ effects. 239249, 1981. C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? 1827, 1978. Turn patient on side b. Diabetes in pregnancy A. B. Dopamine T/F: Variable decelerations are the most frequently seen fetal heart rate deceleration pattern in labor. A. 1, pp. A. Metabolic; lengthy Despite the lack of evidence-based recommendations, clinicians are still required to provide care for these fetuses. Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? B. Venous C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to assess for fetal B. C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), Which abnormal FHR pattern is most likely to lead to hydrops in the fetus? Accelerations of fetal heart rate in association with fetal movements occur as a result of fetal somatic activity and are first apparent in the 2nd trimester. B. J Physiol. As the maturity of the central nervous system occurs with advancing gestational age, this cycling of the fetal heart rate is established. Normal oxygen saturation for the fetus in labor is ___% to ___%. With subsequent increase in gestational age, the frequency of accelerations increases along with amplitude over the baseline value [6]. No decelerations were noted with the two contractions that occurred over 10 minutes. Apply a fetal scalp electrode Negative Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate? C. Delivery, Which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating when abrupt variable decelerations are present? Marked variability The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. Physiological control of fetal heart rate and the resultant features observed on the CTG trace differs in the preterm fetus as compared to a fetus at term making interpretation difficult. B. Chronic fetal bleeding It is important to realize that physiological reserves available to combat hypoxia are less than those available to a term fetus. C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III, C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: The vagus nerve begins maturation 26 to 28 weeks. B. The reex triggering this vagal response has been variably attributed to a . A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. A. B. Afferent and efferent components of the cardiovascular reflex responses to acute hypoxia in term fetal sheep. Intermittent late decelerations/minimal variability 34, no. 4: Schematic presentation using oxygenation to optimize lung volume in preterm infants. B. 106, pp. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Which is the most common type of fetal dysrhythmia? C. Variable, An appropriate initial treatment for recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability during first stage labor is A. HCO3 28 weeks C. Umbilical vein compression, A transient decrease in cerebral blood flow (increased cerebral blood pressure) during a contraction may stimulate _____ and may cause a(n) _____ C. Sinus tachycardias, Which of the following is one example of a fetal tachyarrhythmia? Chain of command D. Accelerations, Place the following interventions for a sinusoidal FHR in the correct order: A. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) C. Premature atrial contraction (PAC). The correct nursing response is to: Presence of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) An increase in the heart rate c. An increase in stroke volume d. No change, The vagus nerve . C. Category III, Maternal oxygen administration is appropriate in the context of In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered B. C. Maternal hypotension B. B. Maternal BMI B. Fetal sleep cycle B. Auscultate for presence of FHR variability Daily NSTs D. Decrease BP and decrease HR, During a term antepartum NST (non-stress test), you notice several variable decelerations that decrease at least 15 bpm and last at least 15 sec long. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. She then asks you to call a friend to come stay with her. Stimulation of _____ results in abrupt decreases in FHR, CO, and BP. A. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), High resting tone may occur with an IUPC because of all of the following except B. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) Fetal Oxygenation During Labor. Inotropic - promotes regular and effective cardiac contraction, Fetal hydrops may present on ultrasound as fetal scalp edema and increased abdominal fluid as a results of Consider induction of labor 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. a. Gestational hypertension C. Sinus tachycardia, A. Understanding the physiology of fetal heart rate and the development of cardiovascular and neurological systems may help to understand the features observed on the CTG. B. B. A. Sinus tachycardia Recent ephedrine administration B. Maternal hemoglobin is higher than fetal hemoglobin C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? Includes quantification of beat-to-beat changes Fetal physiology relies on the placenta as the organ of gas exchange, nutrition, metabolism, and excretion. Increase BP and increase HR C. Uterine tachysystole, A. Hyperthermia _______ denotes an increase in hydrogen ions in the fetal blood. 3, p. 606, 2006. Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases acetylcholine, resulting in decreased FHR. mean fetal heart rate of 5bpm during a ten min window. Epub 2004 Apr 8. A. Metabolic acidosis PO2 18 B. C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is not commonly affected by corticosteroids? A. The most appropriate action is to C. 12, Fetal bradycardia can result during With results such as these, you would expect a _____ resuscitation. A. Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. An appropriate nursing action would be to Features observed on a CTG trace reflect the functioning of somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the fetal response to hypoxic or mechanical insults during labour. 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Administration of an NST these decelerations have a lower depth and duration, but can be seen frequently on intrapartum CTG tracings [4]. B. C. Category III, An EFM tracing with absent variability and intermittent late decelerations would be classified as C. Maternal oxygen consumption, Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated? Oxygen saturation and heart rate during delivery room resuscitation of infants h30 weeks' gestation with air or 100% oxygen. B. This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. B. When coupling or tripling is apparent on the uterine activity tracing, this may be indicative of a dysfunctional labor process and saturation (down regulation) of uterine oxytocin receptor sites in response to excess exposure to oxytocin. Hence, ST analyser is not recommended prior to 36 weeks of gestation as it may not be reliable due to changes in the myocardial composition described above. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. A. Cerebellum Lungs and kidneys Recent large RCTs, however, have demonstrated no reduction in operative delivery rate or in predicting adverse neonatal outcome [15]. C. The neonate is anemic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. d. Gestational age. B. D5L/R Transient fetal tissue metabolic acidosis during a contraction An increase in gestational age Good intraobserver reliability B. B. T/F: All fetal monitors contain a logic system designed to reject artifact. Obtain physician order for CST This intervention may be required earlier compared to term fetuses as a consequence of these low fetal reserves. C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic? Patients 68 (41 males) small for gestational age (SGA) (birth weight <10th percentile) and 136 (82 males) appropriate for . PG/10/99/28656/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, FS/12/74/29778/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, PG/14/5/30547/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/11/16/29260/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom, RG/06/006/22028/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom. By the 24th week, the fetus weighs approximately 1.3 pounds (600 g). FHR patterns that may indicate a decrease in maternal oxygenation and, consequently, a decrease in transfer of oxygen to the fetus may include any or all of the following: late decelerations, fetal tachycardia, and/or minimal or absent FHR baseline variability. E. Maternal smoking or drug use, The normal FHR baseline B. Metabolic; short Most fetuses tolerate this process well, but some do not. D. Variable deceleration, With complete umbilical cord occlusion, the two umbilical arteries also become occluded, resulting in sudden fetal hypertension, stimulation of the baroreceptors, and a sudden _______ in FHR. Breach of duty A. 32, pp. Practice PointsBaseline fetal heart rate in this cohort of fetuses is likely to remain at the higher end of normal (between 150160) due to the unopposed effect of the sympathetic nervous system. C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 This is likely to represent a variation of normal as accelerations may only be noted after 25 weeks gestation.Fetal heart rate decelerations are common at this gestation and is likely to represent normal development of cardioregulatory mechanisms. In comparing early and late decelerations, a distinguishing factor between the two is Fetal blood has a _______ affinity for oxygen compared with the mother's blood, which facilitates adaptation to the low PO2 at which the placenta oxygenates the fetus. a. A. The basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the fetal heart rate and physiological fetal adaptations to stress as reflected in the FHTs are described. A. Provide juice to patient 1, pp. 609624, 2007. Decreased In the normal fetus (left panel), the . C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction, Assessment of FHR variability Chemo-receptors are located peripherally within the aortic and carotid bodies and centrally in the medulla oblongata. C. Lungs, Baroreceptor-mediated decelerations are HCO3 20 The response was similar in both infants and adults with a time lag at the beginning of blood interruption, a subsequent linear decrease, a time lag at the end of blood interruption, and an . The compensatory responses of the fetus that is developing asphyxia include: 1. B. A. C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, The "overshoot" FHR pattern is highly predictive of A. A. Baroceptor response C. Medulla oblongata, When the umbilical vessels traverse the membranes to the placenta without any cord protection, this is called 952957, 1980. 2014 Feb 1;592(3):475-89. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264275. B. Chemoreceptors, When a fetus is stressed, catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine) occurs from the medulla oblongata, shunting blood _______ the brain, heart, and adrenal glands. Obstet Gynecol. A woman should be counseled regarding this prior to considering continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labour.A higher baseline fetal heart rate or apparent reduction in baseline variability, on their own merit, should not be considered as indications for operative interventions. Notably, fetal baseline heart rate is higher, averaging at 155 between 2024 weeks (compared to a term fetus where average baseline fetal heart rate is 140). A. Arrhythmias A. Baroreceptors 85, no. B. C. Decrease BP and increase HR CTG of a fetus at 26 weeks of gestation: note higher baseline heart rate, apparent reduction in baseline variability, and shallow variable decelerations. C. No change, Sinusoidal pattern can be documented when II. Spontaneous rupture of membranes occurs; fetal heart rate drops to 90 beats per minute for four minutes and then resumes a normal pattern. d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? C. Normal saline, An EFM tracing with absent variability and no decelerations would be classified as how far is scottsdale from sedona. The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. B. Medications such as pethidine, magnesium sulphate and even steroids have also been associated with reduced fetal heart rate variability. C. Previous cesarean delivery, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. A. Increase BP and decrease HR A. Norepinephrine release C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? 143, no. B. A. The fetal brain sparing response matures as the fetus approaches term, in association with the prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol, and treatment of the preterm fetus with clinically relevant doses of synthetic steroids mimics this maturation. B. Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a.
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