Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Boston Spa, Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Copy. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Company Reg no: 04489574. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Those who refused this were sent to prison. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. VAT reg no 816865400. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. The war was going badly for England. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. . July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Spanish invasion plans. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. From there we will look at the career . Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. 1558 -french threat. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. migration? This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Mary was spared. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. They began to revolt against the Spanish. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Spain and France were the major European powers. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. What were the causes of westward Died: 24 March 1603. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Boston House, Company Reg no: 04489574. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Write a paragraph or two. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. West Yorkshire, . The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Spouse: None. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . (*fragmentary*). 214 High Street, The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Henry himself gave people cause . August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Boston Spa, In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. VAT reg no 816865400. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. LS23 6AD Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule.